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This letter, written from Charles Miller, then Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services, to Paul A. Marks, then Vice President for Health Services at Columbia University, rejects Columbia University.s request to exclusively license the co-transformation technology. Because the patent application pre-dated Bayh-Dole, matters like these were still up to NIH's discretion.

This letter was an attempt to obtain year-by-year licensing and revenue data from Columbia University. Previous attempts to obtain these data through the Freedom of Information Act from NIH were unsuccessful. View letter.

These are data and figures detailing the number of licensees per year, revenue per year, and evolving types of license arrangement.

This 1986 document discusses two meetings addressing genes and computers. View document.

A list of participants and addresses in the Aspen Center for Physics. View list.

This letter invites Dr. Joshua Lederberg, then the president of Rockefeller University in NY, to participate in an NSF-sponsored workshop on the applicability of computers to analyze nucleic acid sequence information. View letter.

This is a list of potential speakers and subjects for the NSF’s sponsored workshop on the applicability of computers to analyze nucleic acid sequence information. View list.

This foundation gave a grant to Michael Waterman, a computer scientist/biologist/mathematician at USC “to study pattern analysis with principal application to molecular biology.” View report.

This is a list of participants in the Molecular Genetics Workshop. Margaret Dayhoff, Michael Waters, and Norton Zinder are among the participants. View list.

Three letters written between Michael Waters and Robert Cook-Deegan on the subject of DNA sequencing databases and the other BLAST historical documents provided here. Letter 1. Letter 2. Letter 3.

In 1989, the American chemical giant DuPont filed suit against Cetus, alleging the core PCR patents were not novel because the processes had been previously described on at least three occasions in the 1970’s. Despite strong witnesses on their side, DuPont was not able to prove that the PCR invention had been obvious, and in 1991 the jury voted in favor of Cetus. Transcript index.

Discussion of trial logistics with the judge and lawyers for both sides. Full text.

Discussion of trial logistics with the judge and lawyers for both sides. Full text.

The judge gives instructions to the jury for how to listen to the trial and come to a conclusion. Full text.

Tony Figg was the lead lawyer for DuPont. Full text.

Lynn Pasahow was the lead lawyer for Cetus Corporaton. Full text.

DeGrandi was a patent lawyer for a DC firm and a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Arthur Kornberg was a professor of biochemistry and a research scientist at Stanford University at the time of the trial. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Arthur Kornberg was a professor of biochemistry and a research scientist at Stanford University at the time of the trial. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Arthur Kornberg was a professor of biochemistry and a research scientist at Stanford University at the time of the trial. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Arthur Kornberg was a professor of biochemistry and a research scientist at Stanford University at the time of the trial. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Bruce Wallace was a research scientist at the City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Bruce Wallace was a research scientist at the City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Bruce Wallace was a research scientist at the City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Ruth Kleppe was a co-author on a paper that the plaintiff felt demonstrated prior art and therefore invalidated the Cetus PCR patents. She was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Ian Molineux was a professor of Microbiology at the University of Texas at Austin, had worked with Ruth Kleppe when she was a postdoc, and was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Ian Molineux was a professor of Microbiology at the University of Texas at Austin, had worked with Ruth Kleppe when she was a postdoc, and was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Johan Herbert Van de Sande, professor and head of the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Effective Medicine at the University of Calgary, Canada, was also a witness for the plaintiff.

William Grant Gerber was at the time of the trial, the senior vice-president at Cetus Corporation, and General Manager of the PCR Division at Cetus Corporation. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

John Joseph Sninsky was, at the time of the trial, the senior director of the Diagnostics Research Program at Cetus Corporation. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Jeffrey Allan Miller was a researcher for the DuPont Merc Pharmaceutical Company, at the time of the trial. He had been working for the pharmaceutical company before it was acquired by DuPont, and was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Johan Herbert Van de Sande, professor and head of the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Effective Medicine at the University of Calgary, Canada, was also a witness for the plaintiff. He was called back to continue his testimony. Full text.

Johan Herbert Van de Sande, professor and head of the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Effective Medicine at the University of Calgary, Canada, was also a witness for the plaintiff. He was called back to continue his testimony. Full text.

Joseph Oliver Falkinham, III, was an associate professor of microbiology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Joseph Oliver Falkinham, III, was an associate professor of microbiology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Hamilton Smith was a professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins Medical School. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Hamilton Smith was a professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins Medical School. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Hamilton Smith was a professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins Medical School. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Kary Mullis was the inventor of PCR, who was an employee at Cetus Corporation when he made his breakthrough discovery. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Kary Mullis was the inventor of PCR, who was an employee at Cetus Corporation when he made his breakthrough discovery. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Kary Mullis was the inventor of PCR, who was an employee at Cetus Corporation when he made his breakthrough discovery. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Kary Mullis was the inventor of PCR, who was an employee at Cetus Corporation when he made his breakthrough discovery. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Rudolph Anderson was a former patent attorney. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Rudolph Anderson was a former patent attorney. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

James Eric Dahlberg was a professor of physiological chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

James Eric Dahlberg was a professor of physiological chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

James Eric Dahlberg was a professor of physiological chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

French Anderson was a doctor at the NIH, the Chief of the Molecular Hematology branch. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Henry Anthony Erlich was the chairman of the Human Genetics Department at Cetus Corporation. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Henry Anthony Erlich was the chairman of the Human Genetics Department at Cetus Corporation. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Bruce Wallace was a research scientist at the City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Ian Molineux was a professor of Microbiology at the University of Texas at Austin, had worked with Ruth Kleppe when she was a postdoc, and was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

Arthur Kornberg was a professor of biochemistry and a research scientist at Stanford University at the time of the trial. He was a witness for the plaintiff. Full text.

James Eric Dahlberg was a professor of physiological chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

Kary Mullis was the inventor of PCR, who was an employee at Cetus Corporation when he made his breakthrough discovery. He was a witness for the defense. Full text.

The jury wasn’t present for the discussions held in open court with the lawyers and judge. Full text.

The jury wasn’t present for the discussions held in open court with the lawyers and judge. Full text.

The jury wasn’t present for the discussions held in open court with the lawyers and judge. Full text.

The judge gives the jury instructions for how to come to a verdict. Full text.

Tony Figg, lead lawyer for Cetus Corporation, gives his closing arguments. Full text.

Lynn Pasahow, lead lawyer for Cetus Corporation, gives his closing arguments. Full text.

Tony Figg, lead lawyer for Cetus Corporation, gives his closing arguments Full text.

The judge gives the jury instructions for how to come to a verdict. Full text.

The judge reads the verdict. Full text.

Tom White was an employee at Roche Diagnostics, who had previously been an employee of Cetus Corporation. He was a close friend of Kary Mullis. The plaintiff’s lawyer, Figg, interviews Tom White in this document. Full text.